1. 2022;25;E1073-E1079Changes in Temperature Following Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation of the Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus: A Cadaveric Study
   Cadaveric Study
   Guang-Xun Lin, MD, PhD, Sagar Sharma, MD, Yanting Liu, MD, Hussam Jabri, MD, and Jin-Sung Kim, MD, PhD.

BACKGROUND: Various minimally invasive procedures for treating discogenic pain have been reported in recent years. A Disc-FX® system can be used to perform nucleus pulposus (NP) removal, radiofrequency ablation, and annuloplasty under the guidance of x-ray fluoroscopy. However, when a probe tip with focused heat is placed on the intradiscal/subannular area to perform nucleo-annuloplasty using radiofrequency lesioning, thermal injury to the spinal cord or spinal nerves is a concern.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the thermal profile generated by the Disc-FX ablation and modulation system in intervertebral discs from human cadaveric spine sections and evaluate the safety of its thermal dispersion function.

STUDY DESIGN: A cadaveric study.

METHODS: NP ablation and annulus fibrosus modulation were performed on a fresh human cadaveric lumbar spine intervertebral disc in a 36.5°C circulating water bath using radiofrequency. The 4 points from the center of the disc to one-third, two-thirds and the outer layer of the annulus were divided into 4 points, A-D, respectively, and radiofrequency lesions were performed on the 4 points.

RESULTS: The temperature was increased upon irradiation. It fell slowly with the cessation of irradiation. The temperature was not significantly different between Turbo and Hemo mode at each point. The temperature was not significantly different among the 4 points at each mode. The average temperature of the ventral side of the dura mater was kept below 37°C.

LIMITATIONS: The results of this study are limited due to the use of a cadaveric spine, which could not reflect the effect of soft tissue such as muscles and connective tissue around the disc. The position of the temperature measuring probe was relatively fixed. This cadaver demonstration was conducted at the L4-L5 level, which is mostly not restricted by the height of the iliac crest.  

CONCLUSIONS: When performing NP ablation and annular modification, the epidural peripheral temperature should always be kept below 37°C. This preliminary in vitro research using human cadaveric discs showed that radiofrequency maintained the epidural space at a safe temperature during nucleo-annuloplasty.

KEY WORDS: Temperature, thermal, radiofrequency, nucleo-annuloplasty, spine