1. 2015;18;E333-E346Low Back Pain: Guidelines for the Clinical Classification of Predominant Neuropathic, Nociceptive, or Central Sensitization Pain
   Comprehensive Review
   Adri Apeldoorn, PhD, Hank Hallegraeff, PhD, Jacqui Clark, MSc, PT, Rob Smeets, MD, PhD, Annaleen Malfliet, MSc, PT, Enrique L. Girbes, MSc, PT, Margot De Kooning, MSc, Kelly Ickmans, PhD, and Jo Nijs, PhD.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a heterogeneous disorder including patients with dominant nociceptive (e.g., myofascial low back pain), neuropathic (e.g., lumbar radiculopathy), and central sensitization pain. In order to select an effective and preferably also efficient treatment in daily clinical practice, LBP patients should be classified clinically as either predominantly nociceptive, neuropathic, or central sensitization pain. OBJECTIVE: To explain how clinicians can differentiate between nociceptive, neuropathic, and central sensitization pain in patients with LBP. STUDY DESIGN: Narrative review and expert opinion SETTING: Universities, university hospitals and private practices METHODS: Recently, a clinical method for the classification of central sensitization pain versus neuropathic and nociceptive pain was developed. It is based on a body of evidence of original research papers and expert opinion of 18 pain experts from 7 different countries. Here we apply this classification algorithm to the LBP population. RESULTS: The first step implies examining the presence of neuropathic low back pain. Next, the differential diagnosis between predominant nociceptive and central sensitization pain is done using a clinical algorithm. LIMITATIONS: The classification criteria are substantiated by several original research findings including a Delphi survey, a study of a large group of LBP patients, and validation studies of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Nevertheless, these criteria require validation in clinical settings. CONCLUSION: The pain classification system for LBP should be an addition to available classification systems and diagnostic procedures for LBP, as it is focussed on pain mechanisms solely.