1. 2011;14;383-389Retrospective Review of Physician Opioid Prescribing Practices in Patients with Aberrant Behaviors
   Observational Report
   Anita Gupta, DO, PharmD, Christopher Patton, MD, Dina Diskina, BS, and Martin D. Cheatle, PhD.

In the past few decades, opioid use for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain has slowly gained acceptance.  With this increase in prescription opioid use, there has also been an increase in prescription opioid abuse.  To help detect aberrant drug related behaviors, clinicians have utilized urine drug screens to determine patient noncompliance in outpatient pain clinics.  The primary objective is to determine how the use of urine drug testing (UDT) affects health care outcomes. The secondary outcome is to evaluate these findings as it relates to pharmacoeconomics and aberrant behaviors in an outpatient clinical setting. In this study we will determine if UDT influences prescribing practices among physicians. Patients at an academic center’s chronic pain outpatient clinic were categorized as having urine screens that were “normal” (expected findings based on their prescribed drugs) or abnormal. Abnormal findings were those with either 1) the absence of a prescribed opioid, 2) the presence of an additional nonprescribed controlled substance, 3) detection of an illicit substance, or 4) an adulterated urine sample. We examined the incidence of such aberrant behaviors as well as concomitant pain diagnoses, psychiatric comorbidities, and the ultimate effect upon the prescribing patterns of the physicians in this clinic. Results of the study showed that the patients exhibiting aberrant drug behaviors have similar pain and psychiatric diagnoses as other chronic pain patients. The most common aberrancy detected was an abnormal urine drug screen, often with the presence of illegal substances. However, in the great majority of aberrancies detected, providers chose to continue prescribing opioids. We speculate on the reasons for this, and discuss the role of the urine drug screen in influencing prescriber behaviors.