1. 2005;8;335-347Evolution of The National All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting Act (NASPER): A Public Law for Balancing Treatment of Pain and Drug Abuse and Diversion
   An Invited Review
   Laxmaiah Manchikanti, MD, US Representative Ed Whitfield , and US Representative Frank Pallone .

In the United States, physicians are faced with two opposing dilemmas in the treatment of pain – the potential for drug abuse and diversion, and the possible undertreatment of pain. While controlled prescription drugs such as narcotic analgesics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, stimulants, and sedative-hypnotics, play a legitimate role in managing chronic pain and other conditions, the illicit use of prescribed medicines is increasing at epidemic proportions. Diversion and abuse of prescription drugs is costly in terms of addiction, overdose, death, and related criminal activities, but chronic pain carries significant economic, social, and health impact as well.

The American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP), as the introducing organization, was joined by several physician and nurse practitioner organizations in support of the National All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting (NASPER) Act of 2005, legislation that not only will give physicians an information tool to aid in prescribing controlled substances but also will help identify illicit use and abuse. NASPER is the law that provides for the establishment of a controlled substances monitoring program in each state.

The concept for NASPER originated with ASIPP and was modeled after the highly successful Kentucky All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting Program (KASPER). Legislation was introduced in the United States House of Representatives during three different Congresses, the 107^th, 108^th, and 109^th, by Reps. Edward Whitfield (R-KY) and Frank Pallone (D-NJ). It was first introduced in the United States Senate in the 107^th Congress by Sen. Tim Hutchinson (R-AK), and in the 108^th and 109^th  by Sens. Jeff Sessions (R-AL) and Dick Durbin (D-IL), with multiple cosponsors in both chambers. NASPER passed the House on July 27, 2005, by voice vote and passed the Senate by unanimous consent on July 29, 2005.  President George W. Bush signed NASPER on August 11, 2005, and it became Public Law 109-60.

Implementation of NASPER will improve patient care and reduce abuse and diversion of prescription controlled substances.

Keywords: NASPER, KASPER, chronic pain, National All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting Act, prescription monitoring, controlled substances, drug abuse, drug diversion